2024
Nexa Center for Internet & Society
Public Consultation on Guidelines on Exclusionary Abuses of Dominance Miscellaneous
Call for contributions by the European Commission, 2024.
@misc{nokey,
title = {Public Consultation on Guidelines on Exclusionary Abuses of Dominance},
author = {Nexa Center for Internet & Society},
url = {https://nexa.polito.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Guidelines-on-exclusionary-abuses-of-dominance-NEXA-submission-1.pdf
https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/public-consultations/2024-article-102-guidelines_en},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-10-29},
urldate = {2024-10-29},
abstract = {The Nexa Center for Internet and Society of the Turin Polytechnic welcomes the opportunity to provide feedback on the European Commission's consultation on the draft Guidelines on the Application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings (hereinafter "The Proposed Guidelines" or "Draft Guidelines").},
howpublished = {Call for contributions by the European Commission},
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The Nexa Center for Internet and Society of the Turin Polytechnic welcomes the opportunity to provide feedback on the European Commission’s consultation on the draft Guidelines on the Application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings (hereinafter "The Proposed Guidelines" or "Draft Guidelines").
Marco Rondina; Antonio Vetrò; Riccardo Coppola; Juan Carlos De Martin et. al.
Testing software for non-discrimination: an updated and extended audit in the Italian car insurance domain Proceedings
2nd International Conference on Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Multidisciplinary Applications, Springer, Athens (Greece), 2024.
@proceedings{nokey,
title = {Testing software for non-discrimination: an updated and extended audit in the Italian car insurance domain},
author = {Marco Rondina and Antonio Vetrò and Riccardo Coppola and Juan Carlos De Martin et. al.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2992086},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-10-01},
booktitle = {Horizons of AI: Ethical Considerations and Interdisciplinary Engagements - 2nd International Conference on Frontiers of AI, Ethics, and Multidisciplinary Applications (FAIEMA), Greece, 2024},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Athens (Greece)},
abstract = {Context. As software systems become more integrated into society’s infrastructure, the responsibility of software professionals to ensure compliance with various non-functional requirements increases. These requirements include security, safety, privacy, and, increasingly, non-discrimination. Motivation. Fairness in pricing algorithms grants equitable access to basic services without discriminating on the basis of protected attributes. Method. We replicate a previous empirical study that used black box testing to audit pricing algorithms used by Italian car insurance companies, accessible through a popular online system. With respect to the previous study, we enlarged the number of tests and the number of demographic variables under analysis. Results. Our work confirms and extends previous findings, highlighting the problematic permanence of discrimination across time: demographic variables significantly impact pricing to this day, with birthplace remaining the main discriminatory factor against individuals not born in Italian cities. We also found that driver profiles can determine the number of quotes available to the user, denying equal opportunities to all. Conclusion. The study underscores the importance of testing for non-discrimination in software systems that affect people's everyday lives. Performing algorithmic audits over time makes it possible to evaluate the evolution of such algorithms. It also demonstrates the role that empirical software engineering can play in making software systems more accountable.},
howpublished = {2nd International Conference on Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Multidisciplinary Applications},
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Context. As software systems become more integrated into society’s infrastructure, the responsibility of software professionals to ensure compliance with various non-functional requirements increases. These requirements include security, safety, privacy, and, increasingly, non-discrimination. Motivation. Fairness in pricing algorithms grants equitable access to basic services without discriminating on the basis of protected attributes. Method. We replicate a previous empirical study that used black box testing to audit pricing algorithms used by Italian car insurance companies, accessible through a popular online system. With respect to the previous study, we enlarged the number of tests and the number of demographic variables under analysis. Results. Our work confirms and extends previous findings, highlighting the problematic permanence of discrimination across time: demographic variables significantly impact pricing to this day, with birthplace remaining the main discriminatory factor against individuals not born in Italian cities. We also found that driver profiles can determine the number of quotes available to the user, denying equal opportunities to all. Conclusion. The study underscores the importance of testing for non-discrimination in software systems that affect people’s everyday lives. Performing algorithmic audits over time makes it possible to evaluate the evolution of such algorithms. It also demonstrates the role that empirical software engineering can play in making software systems more accountable.
Lorenzo Laudadio; Riccardo Coppola; Antonio Vetrò; Marco Torchiano; Juan Carlos De Martin
MINOS: A Tool To Analyze HTTP Requests for compliance to GDPR Proceedings
2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), IEEE, 2024.
@proceedings{nokey,
title = {MINOS: A Tool To Analyze HTTP Requests for compliance to GDPR},
author = {Lorenzo Laudadio and Riccardo Coppola and Antonio Vetrò and Marco Torchiano and Juan Carlos De Martin
},
url = {https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2994325?mode=complete},
doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AICT61888.2024.10740407},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-25},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Many of the currently available services and commodities extensively share personal data and digital identities, raising privacy, security and ethical concerns. In this paper, we present a novel software, MINOS, designed to enhance users' privacy awareness while browsing the web. Our approach combines a user-friendly browser with a backend tailored to record and analyze HTTP requests directed to countries outside the European Economic Area (EEA). As opposed to other available tools, our solution uniquely addresses the issue of data transfers to third countries. Preliminary simulations have yielded promising results and clear directions for further research and development of the tool.},
howpublished = {2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT)},
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Many of the currently available services and commodities extensively share personal data and digital identities, raising privacy, security and ethical concerns. In this paper, we present a novel software, MINOS, designed to enhance users’ privacy awareness while browsing the web. Our approach combines a user-friendly browser with a backend tailored to record and analyze HTTP requests directed to countries outside the European Economic Area (EEA). As opposed to other available tools, our solution uniquely addresses the issue of data transfers to third countries. Preliminary simulations have yielded promising results and clear directions for further research and development of the tool.
Marco Torchiano; Antonio Vetrò; Riccardo Coppola
Teaching Scrum with a focus on efficiency and inclusiveness Proceedings Article
In: for Computing Machinery, Association (Ed.): Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE ’24), pp. 595–599, 2024, ISBN: 9798400717017.
@inproceedings{nokey,
title = {Teaching Scrum with a focus on efficiency and inclusiveness},
author = {Marco Torchiano and Antonio Vetrò and Riccardo Coppola },
editor = {Association for Computing Machinery},
url = {https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2987999},
doi = {10.1145/3661167.3661277},
isbn = {9798400717017},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-06-18},
urldate = {2024-06-18},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE '24)},
number = {5},
pages = {595–599},
series = {EASE '24},
abstract = {The Scrum framework has gained widespread adoption in the industry for its emphasis on collaboration and continuous improvement. However, it has not reached a similar relevance in Software Engineering (SE) curricula. This work reports the experience of five editions of a SE course within an M.Sc. Degree in Computer Engineering. The course primary educational objective is to provide students with the skills to manage software development projects with Scrum. The course is based on the execution of a team project and on the definition of qualitative and quantitative means of assessment of the application of Scrum. The conduction of five editions of the course allowed us to identify several lessons learned about time budgeting and team compositions in agile student projects and its evidence of the applicability of the framework to software development courses.},
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The Scrum framework has gained widespread adoption in the industry for its emphasis on collaboration and continuous improvement. However, it has not reached a similar relevance in Software Engineering (SE) curricula. This work reports the experience of five editions of a SE course within an M.Sc. Degree in Computer Engineering. The course primary educational objective is to provide students with the skills to manage software development projects with Scrum. The course is based on the execution of a team project and on the definition of qualitative and quantitative means of assessment of the application of Scrum. The conduction of five editions of the course allowed us to identify several lessons learned about time budgeting and team compositions in agile student projects and its evidence of the applicability of the framework to software development courses.
Nexa Center for Internet & Society
Public Consultation on Competition in Virtual Worlds and Generative AI Miscellaneous
Call for contributions by the European Commission, 2024.
@misc{nokey,
title = {Public Consultation on Competition in Virtual Worlds and Generative AI},
author = {Nexa Center for Internet & Society},
url = {https://nexa.polito.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Competition-in-Virtual-Worlds-and-Generative-AI_NEXA-Submission-1.pdf},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-03-01},
urldate = {2024-03-01},
booktitle = {Call for contributions by the European Commission},
abstract = {Digital markets have become one of the main areas of attention for competition law enforcers, as well as for regulatory authorities and legislators, in recent years, as European citizens increasingly build their daily lives around digital products and services.
The concept of “metaverse” or “Virtual Worlds” has come to the fore as a term to describe the next stage in this digital transformation. A “Virtual World” seems to be widely regarded as a simulated, immersive environment – in its ultimate form amounting to a persistent, always-on world that operates in real time and is accessible everywhere. However, there are many different views on the future shape of Virtual Worlds, including whether there will be a single Virtual World platform or, rather, a collection of multiple Virtual Worlds.
On 11 July 2023 the Commission published a Communication on Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0, setting out a vision, strategy and proposed actions to lay the foundations for the long-term transition towards Web 4.0 and the development of Virtual Worlds. The concept of generative artificial intelligence (“Generative AI”) has equally attracted considerable public interest.
The EU’s approach to artificial intelligence centers on excellence and trust, aiming to boost research and industrial capacity while ensuring safety and fundamental rights.
While Virtual Worlds and generative AI systems are still taking shape, it has become clear that the potential impacts of this new phase of digital transformation could be wide-ranging with new technologies, business models and markets.
Digital markets can be fast moving and innovative, but they may also present certain characteristics (network effects, lack of multi-homing, “tipping”), which can result in entrenched market positions and potential harmful competition behaviour that is difficult to address afterwards.
Therefore, it appears opportune for the Commission as a competition law enforcer to engage in a forward-looking analysis of technology and market trends to identify potential competition issues that may arise in these fields.
The purpose of these calls for contributions is to gather specific information and views in relation to competition aspects from regulatory experts, academia, industry and consumer organisations. The Commission may organise a workshop with relevant stakeholders to discuss these issues further building on the responses to the consultation.},
howpublished = {Call for contributions by the European Commission},
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Digital markets have become one of the main areas of attention for competition law enforcers, as well as for regulatory authorities and legislators, in recent years, as European citizens increasingly build their daily lives around digital products and services.
The concept of “metaverse” or “Virtual Worlds” has come to the fore as a term to describe the next stage in this digital transformation. A “Virtual World” seems to be widely regarded as a simulated, immersive environment – in its ultimate form amounting to a persistent, always-on world that operates in real time and is accessible everywhere. However, there are many different views on the future shape of Virtual Worlds, including whether there will be a single Virtual World platform or, rather, a collection of multiple Virtual Worlds.
On 11 July 2023 the Commission published a Communication on Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0, setting out a vision, strategy and proposed actions to lay the foundations for the long-term transition towards Web 4.0 and the development of Virtual Worlds. The concept of generative artificial intelligence (“Generative AI”) has equally attracted considerable public interest.
The EU’s approach to artificial intelligence centers on excellence and trust, aiming to boost research and industrial capacity while ensuring safety and fundamental rights.
While Virtual Worlds and generative AI systems are still taking shape, it has become clear that the potential impacts of this new phase of digital transformation could be wide-ranging with new technologies, business models and markets.
Digital markets can be fast moving and innovative, but they may also present certain characteristics (network effects, lack of multi-homing, “tipping”), which can result in entrenched market positions and potential harmful competition behaviour that is difficult to address afterwards.
Therefore, it appears opportune for the Commission as a competition law enforcer to engage in a forward-looking analysis of technology and market trends to identify potential competition issues that may arise in these fields.
The purpose of these calls for contributions is to gather specific information and views in relation to competition aspects from regulatory experts, academia, industry and consumer organisations. The Commission may organise a workshop with relevant stakeholders to discuss these issues further building on the responses to the consultation.
The concept of “metaverse” or “Virtual Worlds” has come to the fore as a term to describe the next stage in this digital transformation. A “Virtual World” seems to be widely regarded as a simulated, immersive environment – in its ultimate form amounting to a persistent, always-on world that operates in real time and is accessible everywhere. However, there are many different views on the future shape of Virtual Worlds, including whether there will be a single Virtual World platform or, rather, a collection of multiple Virtual Worlds.
On 11 July 2023 the Commission published a Communication on Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0, setting out a vision, strategy and proposed actions to lay the foundations for the long-term transition towards Web 4.0 and the development of Virtual Worlds. The concept of generative artificial intelligence (“Generative AI”) has equally attracted considerable public interest.
The EU’s approach to artificial intelligence centers on excellence and trust, aiming to boost research and industrial capacity while ensuring safety and fundamental rights.
While Virtual Worlds and generative AI systems are still taking shape, it has become clear that the potential impacts of this new phase of digital transformation could be wide-ranging with new technologies, business models and markets.
Digital markets can be fast moving and innovative, but they may also present certain characteristics (network effects, lack of multi-homing, “tipping”), which can result in entrenched market positions and potential harmful competition behaviour that is difficult to address afterwards.
Therefore, it appears opportune for the Commission as a competition law enforcer to engage in a forward-looking analysis of technology and market trends to identify potential competition issues that may arise in these fields.
The purpose of these calls for contributions is to gather specific information and views in relation to competition aspects from regulatory experts, academia, industry and consumer organisations. The Commission may organise a workshop with relevant stakeholders to discuss these issues further building on the responses to the consultation.
Felice Paolo Colliani; Giuseppe Futia; Giovanni Garifo; Antonio Vetrò; Juan Carlos De Martin
Towards Named Entity Disambiguation with Graph Embeddings Proceedings Article
In: 2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), pp. 1-6, 2024.
@inproceedings{10740424,
title = {Towards Named Entity Disambiguation with Graph Embeddings},
author = {Felice Paolo Colliani and Giuseppe Futia and Giovanni Garifo and Antonio Vetrò and Juan Carlos De Martin},
doi = {10.1109/AICT61888.2024.10740424},
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Giovanni Garifo; Luca Maina; Antonio Vetrò; Marco Torchiano
Analyzing technical debt management in an industrial project: diffuseness and actual remediation time of SonarQube issues Proceedings Article
In: 2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), pp. 1-6, 2024.
@inproceedings{10740454,
title = {Analyzing technical debt management in an industrial project: diffuseness and actual remediation time of SonarQube issues},
author = {Giovanni Garifo and Luca Maina and Antonio Vetrò and Marco Torchiano},
doi = {10.1109/AICT61888.2024.10740454},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
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Lorenzo Laudadio; Antonio Vetrò; Riccardo Coppola; Juan Carlos De Martin; Marco Torchiano
Personal Data Transfers to Non-EEA Domains: A Tool for Citizens and An Analysis on Italian Public Administration Websites Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good, ACM, 2024, ISBN: 979-8-4007-1094-0.
@inproceedings{ctx2001419080007866,
title = {Personal Data Transfers to Non-EEA Domains: A Tool for Citizens and An Analysis on Italian Public Administration Websites},
author = {Lorenzo Laudadio and Antonio Vetrò and Riccardo Coppola and Juan Carlos De Martin and Marco Torchiano},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2992323},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3677525.3678632},
isbn = {979-8-4007-1094-0},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
urldate = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good},
publisher = {ACM},
series = {GoodIT '24: International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good},
abstract = {Six years after the entry into force of the GDPR, European companies and organizations still have difficulties complying with it: the amount of fines issued by the European data protection authorities is continuously increasing. Personal data transfers are no exception. In this work we analyse the personal data transfers from more than 20000 Italian Public Administration (PA) entities to third countries. We developed "Minos", a user-friendly application which allows to navigate the web while recording HTTP requests. Then, we used the back-end of Minos to automate the analysis. We found that about 14% of the PAs websites transferred data out of the European Economic Area (EEA). This number is an underestimation because only visits to the home pages were object of the analysis. The top 3 destinations of the data transfers are Amazon, Google and Fonticons, accounting for about the 70% of the bad requests. The most recurrent services which are the object of the requests are cloud computing services and content delivery networks (CDNs). Our results highlight that, in Italy, a relevant portion of Public Administration websites transfers personal data to non EEA countries. In terms of technology policy, these results stress the need for further incentives to improve the PA digital infrastructures. Finally, while working on refinements of Minos, the version here described is openly available on Zenodo: it can be helpful to a variety of actors (citizens, researchers, activists, policy makers) to increase awareness and enlarge the investigation.},
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Six years after the entry into force of the GDPR, European companies and organizations still have difficulties complying with it: the amount of fines issued by the European data protection authorities is continuously increasing. Personal data transfers are no exception. In this work we analyse the personal data transfers from more than 20000 Italian Public Administration (PA) entities to third countries. We developed "Minos", a user-friendly application which allows to navigate the web while recording HTTP requests. Then, we used the back-end of Minos to automate the analysis. We found that about 14% of the PAs websites transferred data out of the European Economic Area (EEA). This number is an underestimation because only visits to the home pages were object of the analysis. The top 3 destinations of the data transfers are Amazon, Google and Fonticons, accounting for about the 70% of the bad requests. The most recurrent services which are the object of the requests are cloud computing services and content delivery networks (CDNs). Our results highlight that, in Italy, a relevant portion of Public Administration websites transfers personal data to non EEA countries. In terms of technology policy, these results stress the need for further incentives to improve the PA digital infrastructures. Finally, while working on refinements of Minos, the version here described is openly available on Zenodo: it can be helpful to a variety of actors (citizens, researchers, activists, policy makers) to increase awareness and enlarge the investigation.
Giacomo Conti; Antonio Vetrò; Juan Carlos De Martin
The Metaverse does not exist (yet) Journal Article
In: DigitCult – Scientific Journal on Digital Cultures, vol. 9, no. 1, 2024, ISSN: 2531-5994.
@article{DCb,
title = {The Metaverse does not exist (yet)},
author = {Giacomo Conti and Antonio Vetrò and Juan Carlos De Martin},
url = {https://digitcult.lim.di.unimi.it/index.php/dc/article/view/244},
doi = {10.36158/97888929596061},
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abstract = {What really is the metaverse that is often talked about today? Where did it come from, and what is its likely future?
This paper aims to shed light on the meaning of “metaverse” and on how the currently available products on the market, freely accessible by the public, are very different from what the original meaning of the term should be. They are many, they are diverse, and they are disconnected from each other - and they are often criticized by online communities.
The research shows three basic requirements that constitute current "metaverses,": the requirement of an internet connection, the presence of “avatars”, and a virtual world, and analyzes their historical genesis, starting with the tabletop role-playing games of the 1980s. Then, it explores new legislative and regulatory projects on the part of the European Union, which has been intrigued by this phenomenon. Finally, its economic potential is shown, and how it is exploited today.},
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What really is the metaverse that is often talked about today? Where did it come from, and what is its likely future?
This paper aims to shed light on the meaning of “metaverse” and on how the currently available products on the market, freely accessible by the public, are very different from what the original meaning of the term should be. They are many, they are diverse, and they are disconnected from each other – and they are often criticized by online communities.
The research shows three basic requirements that constitute current "metaverses,": the requirement of an internet connection, the presence of “avatars”, and a virtual world, and analyzes their historical genesis, starting with the tabletop role-playing games of the 1980s. Then, it explores new legislative and regulatory projects on the part of the European Union, which has been intrigued by this phenomenon. Finally, its economic potential is shown, and how it is exploited today.
This paper aims to shed light on the meaning of “metaverse” and on how the currently available products on the market, freely accessible by the public, are very different from what the original meaning of the term should be. They are many, they are diverse, and they are disconnected from each other – and they are often criticized by online communities.
The research shows three basic requirements that constitute current "metaverses,": the requirement of an internet connection, the presence of “avatars”, and a virtual world, and analyzes their historical genesis, starting with the tabletop role-playing games of the 1980s. Then, it explores new legislative and regulatory projects on the part of the European Union, which has been intrigued by this phenomenon. Finally, its economic potential is shown, and how it is exploited today.
Antonio Santangelo
I fiori del capitalismo e altre strane icone Book Chapter
In: I media e le icone culturali, pp. 153–174, Aracne, Roma, 2024, ISBN: 9791221811445.
@inbook{ 2318_1960330,
title = {I fiori del capitalismo e altre strane icone},
author = {Antonio Santangelo},
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abstract = {This paper has two main goals: to define what cultural icons are from a structural sociosemiotic perspective; and to analyse some of them. In par-ticular, I focus on some critical images and narratives of capitalism, con-necting the analysis of the movie Little Joe (Hausner 2020) to Fisher’s (2009, 2016) and Didino’s (2018, 2020) reflections on weirdness and ee-riness as crucial ideas for understanding contemporaneity. In other terms, I aim at showing how the cultural icons discussed in these texts do sys-tematize with others I studied in the past, and more specifically with the ones identified in the films La vie d'Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2 (Kechiche 2013), Jeune Femme (Serraille 2017) and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted (Amoruso 2019). My thesis is that the world where we live is increasingly portrayed as a reality that, behind its apparent normality, hides something strange and disturbing. This questions the humanistic ideal that we are at the centre of the universe and masters of our own destiny, requiring us to reflect on our true nature and on the nature of what surrounds us, in or-der to hopefully improve our own condition and to build a better society.},
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This paper has two main goals: to define what cultural icons are from a structural sociosemiotic perspective; and to analyse some of them. In par-ticular, I focus on some critical images and narratives of capitalism, con-necting the analysis of the movie Little Joe (Hausner 2020) to Fisher’s (2009, 2016) and Didino’s (2018, 2020) reflections on weirdness and ee-riness as crucial ideas for understanding contemporaneity. In other terms, I aim at showing how the cultural icons discussed in these texts do sys-tematize with others I studied in the past, and more specifically with the ones identified in the films La vie d’Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2 (Kechiche 2013), Jeune Femme (Serraille 2017) and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted (Amoruso 2019). My thesis is that the world where we live is increasingly portrayed as a reality that, behind its apparent normality, hides something strange and disturbing. This questions the humanistic ideal that we are at the centre of the universe and masters of our own destiny, requiring us to reflect on our true nature and on the nature of what surrounds us, in or-der to hopefully improve our own condition and to build a better society.
Antonio Dante Santangelo
Il significato di un suggerimento di lettura. Riflessioni sociosemiotiche sul sistema di raccomandazione di Reading(&)Machine Book Chapter
In: Biblioteche, lettura, intelligenza artificiale, pp. 105–128, Editrice Bibliografica, Milano, 2024, ISBN: 9788893576062.
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title = {Il significato di un suggerimento di lettura. Riflessioni sociosemiotiche sul sistema di raccomandazione di Reading(&)Machine},
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abstract = {In questo articolo, partendo dall’analisi del funzionamento di Reading(&)Machine, il dispositivo basato sulla tecnologia dell’intelligenza artificiale e progettato per le biblioteche civiche torinesi al fine di favorire l’accesso dei cittadini al patrimonio culturale custodito all’interno di queste ultime, ci interroghiamo sul contributo che può essere fornito dalla teoria della narrazione di matrice sociosemiotica allo sviluppo dei sistemi di raccomandazione informatici di libri. Sulla scorta dei consigli di lettura proposti da Reading(&)Machine a chi si dimostra interessato a Il fu Mattia Pascal (Pirandello, 1904), ci proponiamo innanzitutto di verificare, appunto per mezzo di un metodo di indagine sociosemiotico, se le opere collegate automaticamente da questa macchina al noto romanzo di Pirandello dimostrino di avere un significato simile a quest’ultimo, o quantomeno a esso comparabile. Inoltre, mettendo alla prova tale metodo, tentiamo di dimostrare che esso può venire utilizzato – innanzitutto nell’ambito bibliotecario, ma in generale da chiunque se ne voglia servire – per produrre parole chiave e metadati efficaci al fine di accomunare testi narrativi in maniera sensata. Il nostro scopo, infatti, è di concentrarci sul tema dell’indicizzazione semantica o per soggetto, al fine di ragionare su come questa disciplina così centrale della biblioteconomia contemporanea possa essere fatta dialogare, per l’appunto, con la sociosemiotica.},
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}
In questo articolo, partendo dall’analisi del funzionamento di Reading(&)Machine, il dispositivo basato sulla tecnologia dell’intelligenza artificiale e progettato per le biblioteche civiche torinesi al fine di favorire l’accesso dei cittadini al patrimonio culturale custodito all’interno di queste ultime, ci interroghiamo sul contributo che può essere fornito dalla teoria della narrazione di matrice sociosemiotica allo sviluppo dei sistemi di raccomandazione informatici di libri. Sulla scorta dei consigli di lettura proposti da Reading(&)Machine a chi si dimostra interessato a Il fu Mattia Pascal (Pirandello, 1904), ci proponiamo innanzitutto di verificare, appunto per mezzo di un metodo di indagine sociosemiotico, se le opere collegate automaticamente da questa macchina al noto romanzo di Pirandello dimostrino di avere un significato simile a quest’ultimo, o quantomeno a esso comparabile. Inoltre, mettendo alla prova tale metodo, tentiamo di dimostrare che esso può venire utilizzato – innanzitutto nell’ambito bibliotecario, ma in generale da chiunque se ne voglia servire – per produrre parole chiave e metadati efficaci al fine di accomunare testi narrativi in maniera sensata. Il nostro scopo, infatti, è di concentrarci sul tema dell’indicizzazione semantica o per soggetto, al fine di ragionare su come questa disciplina così centrale della biblioteconomia contemporanea possa essere fatta dialogare, per l’appunto, con la sociosemiotica.
Maurizio Borghi; Ivo De Gennaro
Verso gli speranti. Scritti in onore di Gino Zaccaria Miscellaneous
2024, ISBN: 9791222305301.
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Maurizio Borghi
Chi è l’autore? Book Chapter
In: Verso gli speranti. Scritti in onore di Gino Zaccaria, vol. 5, pp. 11–30, Mimesis Edizioni srl, Milano – Udine, 2024, ISBN: 9791222305301.
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Marco Rondina; Fabiana Vinci; Antonio Vetro’; Juan Carlos De Martin
Facial Analysis Systems and Down Syndrome Conference
Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Springer, 2024.
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2023
Antonio Santangelo
Il mito del medico nel corso della pandemia. Un’analisi sociosemiotica dei big data ricavati da Facebook/Meta Book Chapter
In: Nuovi miti, nuovi media, pp. 77–94, Aracne, Roma, 2023, ISBN: 9791221805215.
@inbook{ 2318_1896232,
title = {Il mito del medico nel corso della pandemia. Un'analisi sociosemiotica dei big data ricavati da Facebook/Meta},
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year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
booktitle = {Nuovi miti, nuovi media},
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publisher = {Aracne},
address = {Roma},
abstract = {in this article, I show how doctors have been portrayed on Facebook/Meta in the course of the Covid-19 pandemic. I focus in particular on the “mythical” representations of doctors, according to the notion of myth that derives from the studies of Lévi-Strauss. I therefore deal with those narratives which tell facts that, to some extent, reverse or overturn the normal conception of the doctor’s work in everyday life and that have been used by people to reflect on the meaning of their experience of the pandemic, as well as on how our society functions.
Since, in order to conduct my research, I had to make use of a software to collect and sort large amounts of data, the other theme I deal with in this paper is how one can develop sociosemiotic analysis methodologies of a quali-quantitative type that produce significant results, when he wants to work on a very large corpus of texts produced within social networks.},
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in this article, I show how doctors have been portrayed on Facebook/Meta in the course of the Covid-19 pandemic. I focus in particular on the “mythical” representations of doctors, according to the notion of myth that derives from the studies of Lévi-Strauss. I therefore deal with those narratives which tell facts that, to some extent, reverse or overturn the normal conception of the doctor’s work in everyday life and that have been used by people to reflect on the meaning of their experience of the pandemic, as well as on how our society functions.
Since, in order to conduct my research, I had to make use of a software to collect and sort large amounts of data, the other theme I deal with in this paper is how one can develop sociosemiotic analysis methodologies of a quali-quantitative type that produce significant results, when he wants to work on a very large corpus of texts produced within social networks.
Since, in order to conduct my research, I had to make use of a software to collect and sort large amounts of data, the other theme I deal with in this paper is how one can develop sociosemiotic analysis methodologies of a quali-quantitative type that produce significant results, when he wants to work on a very large corpus of texts produced within social networks.
Massimo Leone; Antonio Dante Maria Santangelo; Remo Gramigna; Guido Ferraro; Ugo Volli; Francesco Galofaro; Zeno Toffano; Anna Dall’Acqua; Federico Bellentani; Tulio Ferreira Leite da Silva; Gianmarco Thierry Giuliana; Elsa Soro; Simona Stano; Cristina Voto
Semiotica e intelligenza artificiale Miscellaneous
2023, ISBN: 9791221804294.
@misc{ 2318_1885061,
title = {Semiotica e intelligenza artificiale},
author = {Massimo Leone and Antonio Dante Maria Santangelo and Remo Gramigna and Guido Ferraro and Ugo Volli and Francesco Galofaro and Zeno Toffano and Anna Dall'Acqua and Federico Bellentani and Tulio Ferreira Leite da Silva and Gianmarco Thierry Giuliana and Elsa Soro and Simona Stano and Cristina Voto},
isbn = {9791221804294},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
volume = {48},
pages = {1–308},
publisher = {Aracne},
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abstract = {L’intelligenza artificiale sta rapidamente prendendo piede nelle nostre società. Ma è davvero “intelligente”? Di che tipo di intelligenza è dotata? Come la concepiscono coloro che la progettano? Che senso ha servircene nella vita di tutti i giorni? In questo libro, si tenta di rispondere a queste domande con gli strumenti della semiotica, la disciplina che si interroga, appunto, su come si determina il significato delle cose di cui facciamo esperienza. Ci si concentra, in particolare, sulla capacità delle macchine di interpretare la realtà e di aiutarci a interpretarla. Inoltre, analizzando i discorsi portati avanti da chi le crea, le utilizza, ne parla nei saggi scientifici o sui giornali, nei film o nelle serie tv, si riflette sulle narrazioni e sulle ideologie che influiscono sul modo in cui le pensiamo. Ciò che se ne evince è un quadro interessante, non solo delle tecnologie di cui ci stiamo dotando, ma soprattutto di noi che scegliamo di servircene e della nostra visione del mondo.},
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L’intelligenza artificiale sta rapidamente prendendo piede nelle nostre società. Ma è davvero “intelligente”? Di che tipo di intelligenza è dotata? Come la concepiscono coloro che la progettano? Che senso ha servircene nella vita di tutti i giorni? In questo libro, si tenta di rispondere a queste domande con gli strumenti della semiotica, la disciplina che si interroga, appunto, su come si determina il significato delle cose di cui facciamo esperienza. Ci si concentra, in particolare, sulla capacità delle macchine di interpretare la realtà e di aiutarci a interpretarla. Inoltre, analizzando i discorsi portati avanti da chi le crea, le utilizza, ne parla nei saggi scientifici o sui giornali, nei film o nelle serie tv, si riflette sulle narrazioni e sulle ideologie che influiscono sul modo in cui le pensiamo. Ciò che se ne evince è un quadro interessante, non solo delle tecnologie di cui ci stiamo dotando, ma soprattutto di noi che scegliamo di servircene e della nostra visione del mondo.
Antonio Santangelo
Famiglie (in)naturali. Ideologia e semiotica nel dibattito sulla gravidanza per altri Journal Article
In: LEXIA, vol. 41-42, no. 41-42, pp. 339–358, 2023.
@article{ 2318_1916670,
title = {Famiglie (in)naturali. Ideologia e semiotica nel dibattito sulla gravidanza per altri},
author = {Antonio Santangelo},
url = {https://www.aracneeditrice.eu/free-download/9791221806717.pdf},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {LEXIA},
volume = {41-42},
number = {41-42},
pages = {339–358},
abstract = {This article focuses on some characteristics of ideological discourses, starting from the analysis of the movie Tuttinsieme (Puccioni, 2020), and the comments it arose on the subject of surrogacy and rainbow families. Drawing on Gal and Irvine’s (2019) theories on ideology — which the two American scholars describe as the domain of the erasure of certain features of reality that appear obvious to others, and of the fractal repetition of a certain strategy of remating one’s own claims about reality itself —, I try to show how these concepts can be refined within the framework of structuralist semiotics, mainly referring to the theories developed by Greimas (1983) and Prieto (1975), as well as to my past research on the topic–focus backbone of narratives. Ideological discourses such as the ones I analyse in these pages, in fact, can be studied as narratives about the nature of things, where two factions of subjects who see them in very different ways, on the basis of distant and apparently irreconcilable value systems, are opposed to each other. This is why, at the end of my work, drawing on Eco’s (1975) theories, I wonder whether a way out of the mechanisms supposed by ideological confrontation does actually exist.},
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This article focuses on some characteristics of ideological discourses, starting from the analysis of the movie Tuttinsieme (Puccioni, 2020), and the comments it arose on the subject of surrogacy and rainbow families. Drawing on Gal and Irvine’s (2019) theories on ideology — which the two American scholars describe as the domain of the erasure of certain features of reality that appear obvious to others, and of the fractal repetition of a certain strategy of remating one’s own claims about reality itself —, I try to show how these concepts can be refined within the framework of structuralist semiotics, mainly referring to the theories developed by Greimas (1983) and Prieto (1975), as well as to my past research on the topic–focus backbone of narratives. Ideological discourses such as the ones I analyse in these pages, in fact, can be studied as narratives about the nature of things, where two factions of subjects who see them in very different ways, on the basis of distant and apparently irreconcilable value systems, are opposed to each other. This is why, at the end of my work, drawing on Eco’s (1975) theories, I wonder whether a way out of the mechanisms supposed by ideological confrontation does actually exist.
Antonio Dante Maria Santangelo
Tra semiotica e intelligenza artificiale Book Chapter
In: Semiotica e intelligenza artificiale, pp. 285–292, Aracne, Roma, 2023, ISBN: 9791221804294.
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abstract = {this article aims to draw some conclusions regarding the contents of the book Semi-otica e intelligenza artificiale (Leone, Santangelo, eds., 2022). Furthermore, it at-tempts to identify some issues, regarding the relationship between semiotics and the various disciplines that deal with AI, that would allow research in this field to be re-launched. The main topics it deals with are twofold: the definition of the concept of intelligence starting from the faculty of correctly interpreting things, and the mean-ing that the design of the various artificial intelligence tools we use in our everyday lives takes on today.},
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this article aims to draw some conclusions regarding the contents of the book Semi-otica e intelligenza artificiale (Leone, Santangelo, eds., 2022). Furthermore, it at-tempts to identify some issues, regarding the relationship between semiotics and the various disciplines that deal with AI, that would allow research in this field to be re-launched. The main topics it deals with are twofold: the definition of the concept of intelligence starting from the faculty of correctly interpreting things, and the mean-ing that the design of the various artificial intelligence tools we use in our everyday lives takes on today.
Antonio Dante Maria Santangelo
Essere umani al tempo dell’intelligenza artificiale. Narrazioni a confronto Book Chapter
In: Semiotica e intelligenza artificiale, pp. 239–266, Aracne, Roma, 2023, ISBN: 9791221804294.
@inbook{ 2318_1885062,
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abstract = {many essays and works of fiction reflecting on the meaning of the artificial intelli-gence we are giving rise to are centered on the notion of "humanity," as they ask who are we who create or dream of creating certain machines. At the same time, in rea-soning about how these same machines work or will work, many authors wonder whether they will, one day, resemble us so much that they appear human, whether they will surpass us, or, more simply, whether they will enable us to develop our be-ing to the fullest. In all cases, behind the reasoning that is brought forth on these is-sues, it is evident that there are narratives, linking humans and machines to values, roles, ways of desiring and acting, that determine specific visions of the present world and the world to come. In this article, an attempt is made to make a classifica-tion of these narratives, so as to show how the cultural models by which we are de-bating the meaning of a technology that promises to radically change the reality in which we live function.},
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many essays and works of fiction reflecting on the meaning of the artificial intelli-gence we are giving rise to are centered on the notion of “humanity,” as they ask who are we who create or dream of creating certain machines. At the same time, in rea-soning about how these same machines work or will work, many authors wonder whether they will, one day, resemble us so much that they appear human, whether they will surpass us, or, more simply, whether they will enable us to develop our be-ing to the fullest. In all cases, behind the reasoning that is brought forth on these is-sues, it is evident that there are narratives, linking humans and machines to values, roles, ways of desiring and acting, that determine specific visions of the present world and the world to come. In this article, an attempt is made to make a classifica-tion of these narratives, so as to show how the cultural models by which we are de-bating the meaning of a technology that promises to radically change the reality in which we live function.
Antonio Santangelo
Timely Faces Book Chapter
In: The Hybrid Face. Paradoxes of the Visage in the Digital Era, vol. 1st Edition cap. 6, pp. 87–108, Routledge, New York, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-003-38004-7.
@inbook{<LineBreak> 2318_1949529,
title = {Timely Faces},
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url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003380047-6/timely-faces-1-antonio-dante-santangelo?context=ubx&refId=95ade8cc-a7ab-49e0-a36c-274a46156299},
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booktitle = {The Hybrid Face. Paradoxes of the Visage in the Digital Era},
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publisher = {Routledge},
address = {New York},
abstract = {The chapter deals with the analysis of the representation of the faces of the protagonists of three films, La vie d’Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2 (Kechiche, 2013), Jeune femme (Serraille, 2017) and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted (Amoruso, 2019), which are symbolic of how people of our time think, at least in the Italian cultural context. These works, in fact, acquire their significance because they embody two opposing cultural models: that of the vagabond and that of the self-made man or woman. These cultural models and the way they are used say a lot about how our strategies for assigning meaning to our existence are changing. Such meaning is no longer viewed as a direction to follow, as a life project to be realised at all costs, but as something to be found a posteriori, between the folds of the thousands of experiences we have. To demonstrate this, in addition to analysing these three films, their reviews, and their connection with other texts are studied, to contextualise them within today’s Italian cultural landscape.},
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The chapter deals with the analysis of the representation of the faces of the protagonists of three films, La vie d’Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2 (Kechiche, 2013), Jeune femme (Serraille, 2017) and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted (Amoruso, 2019), which are symbolic of how people of our time think, at least in the Italian cultural context. These works, in fact, acquire their significance because they embody two opposing cultural models: that of the vagabond and that of the self-made man or woman. These cultural models and the way they are used say a lot about how our strategies for assigning meaning to our existence are changing. Such meaning is no longer viewed as a direction to follow, as a life project to be realised at all costs, but as something to be found a posteriori, between the folds of the thousands of experiences we have. To demonstrate this, in addition to analysing these three films, their reviews, and their connection with other texts are studied, to contextualise them within today’s Italian cultural landscape.
Antonio Santangelo
Existential choices of existential signs. Love stories, structuralism, and existential semiotics Book Chapter
In: Transcending signs, pp. 685–698, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2023, ISBN: 9783110789041.
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Maurizio Borghi; Alessandro Cogo; Bryan Khan
Trade Secrets Litigation Trends in the EU Book Chapter
In: pp. 1–187, 2023, ISBN: 978-92-9156-339-5.
@inbook{ 2318_1928879,
title = {Trade Secrets Litigation Trends in the EU},
author = {Maurizio Borghi and Alessandro Cogo and Bryan Khan},
url = {https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/reports/2023_Trade_Secrets_Litigation_Trends_in_the_EU/2023_Trade_Secrets_Litigation_Trends_Study_FullR_en.pdf},
doi = {10.2814/565721},
isbn = {978-92-9156-339-5},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
pages = {1–187},
abstract = {This report is produced in accordance with Article 18 of Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure. The report consists of three components: a quantitative analysis, a qualitative analysis, and a collection of case summaries. The quantitative analysis is based on statistical trends observed in approximately 700 judgements in the study period. It finds that trade secrets litigation diverges significantly across Member States in terms of case volumes and legal fora. European trade secrets litigation tends to be highly localised
at the national level, with cross-border disputes remaining relatively rare. Disputes over trade secrets tend to be concentrated between employers and (former) employees; disputes with third-party businesses tend to be relatively less common. Unfair competition law also continues to be commonly used as a complementary field of law to enforce against actions where trade secrets rights are invoked. The analysis also reveals that, although the economic literature tends to focus on the role trade secrets play in technical innovation, trade secrets law tends more often to concern litigation
over commercial information rather than technical information. While manufacturing is the sector most often implicated in litigation proceedings, the commercial sectors implicated specifically in litigation over commercial information are very diverse. This confirms the important role that trade secrets play in all sectors of the economy, particularly where commercial information is involved. The qualitative analysis provides a theoretical discussion on the interpretation of the definition of trade secrets, unlawful acts, the measures granted under the Directive, and the principle of proportionality. Three main trends are identified in this analysis. First, significant developments are noted in the interpretation of the ‘reasonable steps’ requirement for the definition of ‘trade secret’ under Article 2(1) of the Directive. These developments suggest that the requirement is to be understood as flexible and context-specific, based on the value of a trade secret, as well as the size and business sector of the trade secret holder. Second, litigation trends suggest that, for information to be protected under trade secrets law through
contractual measures such as confidentiality agreements, it is crucial for the specific objects of
protection to be clearly identified. This is an important finding, as it has direct implications for
companies’ standard contractual practices, in particular between employers and employees. Third,
the issue of procedural measures for preserving the confidentiality of trade secrets during litigation
must be given due attention.},
keywords = {},
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This report is produced in accordance with Article 18 of Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure. The report consists of three components: a quantitative analysis, a qualitative analysis, and a collection of case summaries. The quantitative analysis is based on statistical trends observed in approximately 700 judgements in the study period. It finds that trade secrets litigation diverges significantly across Member States in terms of case volumes and legal fora. European trade secrets litigation tends to be highly localised
at the national level, with cross-border disputes remaining relatively rare. Disputes over trade secrets tend to be concentrated between employers and (former) employees; disputes with third-party businesses tend to be relatively less common. Unfair competition law also continues to be commonly used as a complementary field of law to enforce against actions where trade secrets rights are invoked. The analysis also reveals that, although the economic literature tends to focus on the role trade secrets play in technical innovation, trade secrets law tends more often to concern litigation
over commercial information rather than technical information. While manufacturing is the sector most often implicated in litigation proceedings, the commercial sectors implicated specifically in litigation over commercial information are very diverse. This confirms the important role that trade secrets play in all sectors of the economy, particularly where commercial information is involved. The qualitative analysis provides a theoretical discussion on the interpretation of the definition of trade secrets, unlawful acts, the measures granted under the Directive, and the principle of proportionality. Three main trends are identified in this analysis. First, significant developments are noted in the interpretation of the ‘reasonable steps’ requirement for the definition of ‘trade secret’ under Article 2(1) of the Directive. These developments suggest that the requirement is to be understood as flexible and context-specific, based on the value of a trade secret, as well as the size and business sector of the trade secret holder. Second, litigation trends suggest that, for information to be protected under trade secrets law through
contractual measures such as confidentiality agreements, it is crucial for the specific objects of
protection to be clearly identified. This is an important finding, as it has direct implications for
companies’ standard contractual practices, in particular between employers and employees. Third,
the issue of procedural measures for preserving the confidentiality of trade secrets during litigation
must be given due attention.
at the national level, with cross-border disputes remaining relatively rare. Disputes over trade secrets tend to be concentrated between employers and (former) employees; disputes with third-party businesses tend to be relatively less common. Unfair competition law also continues to be commonly used as a complementary field of law to enforce against actions where trade secrets rights are invoked. The analysis also reveals that, although the economic literature tends to focus on the role trade secrets play in technical innovation, trade secrets law tends more often to concern litigation
over commercial information rather than technical information. While manufacturing is the sector most often implicated in litigation proceedings, the commercial sectors implicated specifically in litigation over commercial information are very diverse. This confirms the important role that trade secrets play in all sectors of the economy, particularly where commercial information is involved. The qualitative analysis provides a theoretical discussion on the interpretation of the definition of trade secrets, unlawful acts, the measures granted under the Directive, and the principle of proportionality. Three main trends are identified in this analysis. First, significant developments are noted in the interpretation of the ‘reasonable steps’ requirement for the definition of ‘trade secret’ under Article 2(1) of the Directive. These developments suggest that the requirement is to be understood as flexible and context-specific, based on the value of a trade secret, as well as the size and business sector of the trade secret holder. Second, litigation trends suggest that, for information to be protected under trade secrets law through
contractual measures such as confidentiality agreements, it is crucial for the specific objects of
protection to be clearly identified. This is an important finding, as it has direct implications for
companies’ standard contractual practices, in particular between employers and employees. Third,
the issue of procedural measures for preserving the confidentiality of trade secrets during litigation
must be given due attention.
Maurizio Borghi
Commodification of intangibles in post-IP capitalism: rethinking the counter-hegemonic discourse Journal Article
In: EUROPEAN LAW OPEN, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 434–447, 2023.
@article{ 2318_1956159,
title = {Commodification of intangibles in post-IP capitalism: rethinking the counter-hegemonic discourse},
author = {Maurizio Borghi},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.25},
doi = {10.1017/elo.2023.25},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {EUROPEAN LAW OPEN},
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pages = {434–447},
abstract = {Intellectual property (IP) is the legal mechanism that transforms intangible instances into tradeable commodities. While creating the conditions for extraction of value and capital accumulation across all domains of economic and social life, IP law defines at the same time the boundaries of commodification by determining the scope of the public domain. Within this traditional framework, opponents of neo-liberal market expansionism have championed the role of IP doctrines and principles such as fair use, exceptions and limitations. However, new informational capitalism relies primarily on non-IP forms of appropriation and de facto control. To a large extent, commodification of intangibles and capital accumulation is no longer distressed by – and even benefits from – traditional public-domain-enhancing IP doctrines. This challenges traditional IP narratives and calls for a new foundation for a truly counter-hegemonic discourse in IP law.},
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Intellectual property (IP) is the legal mechanism that transforms intangible instances into tradeable commodities. While creating the conditions for extraction of value and capital accumulation across all domains of economic and social life, IP law defines at the same time the boundaries of commodification by determining the scope of the public domain. Within this traditional framework, opponents of neo-liberal market expansionism have championed the role of IP doctrines and principles such as fair use, exceptions and limitations. However, new informational capitalism relies primarily on non-IP forms of appropriation and de facto control. To a large extent, commodification of intangibles and capital accumulation is no longer distressed by – and even benefits from – traditional public-domain-enhancing IP doctrines. This challenges traditional IP narratives and calls for a new foundation for a truly counter-hegemonic discourse in IP law.
Maurizio Borghi
Hegel’s theory of personality in copyright law: questioning the dominant (Anglo-American) paradigm Journal Article
In: AIDA. ANNALI ITALIANI DEL DIRITTO D’AUTORE, DELLA CULTURA E DELLO SPETTACOLO, vol. 32, pp. 1–22, 2023.
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volume = {32},
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abstract = {The personality theory has recently regained a central place in the copyright doctrine due to the growing influence of European jurisprudence. This article traces back the origin of the theory in Hegel’s system of rights, and shows how far Hegel’s understanding of personality departs from the way the theory is employed in today’s copyright discourse. While the personality theory is commonly used to justify strong authorial control, and for this reason has been looked upon with suspicion within Anglo-American copyright jurisprudence and doctrine, Hegel’s argument puts clear and rigorous limits to personal property over 'intellectual products'. In essence, the argument proves that the author’s right is nothing but an imperfect entitlement over certain, specific uses of the work. As such, it leaves ample room for robust justification of the public domain.},
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The personality theory has recently regained a central place in the copyright doctrine due to the growing influence of European jurisprudence. This article traces back the origin of the theory in Hegel’s system of rights, and shows how far Hegel’s understanding of personality departs from the way the theory is employed in today’s copyright discourse. While the personality theory is commonly used to justify strong authorial control, and for this reason has been looked upon with suspicion within Anglo-American copyright jurisprudence and doctrine, Hegel’s argument puts clear and rigorous limits to personal property over ‘intellectual products’. In essence, the argument proves that the author’s right is nothing but an imperfect entitlement over certain, specific uses of the work. As such, it leaves ample room for robust justification of the public domain.
Maurizio Borghi; Roger Brownsword
Routledge, Oxford & New York, 2023, ISBN: 9781032122960.
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abstract = {This edited collection seeks to map the landscape of contemporary informational interests, to evaluate a range of recognised and putative rights and wrongs associated with modern information societies, and to consider how law, regulation, and governance should be deployed in response.
New technologies and new applications constantly disrupt our values, our framing of our world, and our sense of where we are and who we are. In our ‘information societies’, we entertain mixed hopes and expectations, as well as significant fears and concerns. At the root of these, there are a number of informational interests, on the basis of which certain rights are claimed and particular wrongs denounced. This book addresses these interests, considering them as relating primarily to the integrity of the informational ecosystem, to the accessibility, accuracy, and authenticity of public information, and to our individual ability to control the outward and inward flows of information that relates directly to ourselves. Covering a wide range of subjects, the book’s interrogation of our contemporary information society is oriented around two questions: first, whether the information society in which we live is the kind of society that we think it should be and, second, if not, what we can reasonably expect law, regulation, and governance to do in providing the basis for improving it.},
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This edited collection seeks to map the landscape of contemporary informational interests, to evaluate a range of recognised and putative rights and wrongs associated with modern information societies, and to consider how law, regulation, and governance should be deployed in response.
New technologies and new applications constantly disrupt our values, our framing of our world, and our sense of where we are and who we are. In our ‘information societies’, we entertain mixed hopes and expectations, as well as significant fears and concerns. At the root of these, there are a number of informational interests, on the basis of which certain rights are claimed and particular wrongs denounced. This book addresses these interests, considering them as relating primarily to the integrity of the informational ecosystem, to the accessibility, accuracy, and authenticity of public information, and to our individual ability to control the outward and inward flows of information that relates directly to ourselves. Covering a wide range of subjects, the book’s interrogation of our contemporary information society is oriented around two questions: first, whether the information society in which we live is the kind of society that we think it should be and, second, if not, what we can reasonably expect law, regulation, and governance to do in providing the basis for improving it.
New technologies and new applications constantly disrupt our values, our framing of our world, and our sense of where we are and who we are. In our ‘information societies’, we entertain mixed hopes and expectations, as well as significant fears and concerns. At the root of these, there are a number of informational interests, on the basis of which certain rights are claimed and particular wrongs denounced. This book addresses these interests, considering them as relating primarily to the integrity of the informational ecosystem, to the accessibility, accuracy, and authenticity of public information, and to our individual ability to control the outward and inward flows of information that relates directly to ourselves. Covering a wide range of subjects, the book’s interrogation of our contemporary information society is oriented around two questions: first, whether the information society in which we live is the kind of society that we think it should be and, second, if not, what we can reasonably expect law, regulation, and governance to do in providing the basis for improving it.
Maurizio Borghi; Roger Brownsword
Informational Rights and Informational Wrongs: A Tapestry for Our Times Book Chapter
In: Law, Regulation and Governance in the Information Society: Informational Rights and Informational Wrongs, pp. 1–46, Routledge, Oxford & New York, 2023, ISBN: 9781032122960.
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title = {Informational Rights and Informational Wrongs: A Tapestry for Our Times},
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The chapter starts by sketching three key strands in our governance thinking, namely: reliance on traditional legal principles; resort to bespoke (rule-based) regulatory interventions; and the use of technical measures and technologies to achieve specified regulatory objectives. Against this governance backcloth, the landscape of informational interests is surveyed. While some informational interests are articulated as ‘rights’, others are presented as ‘wrongs’, and in some cases we find a cluster of informational rights and wrongs inviting (and reflecting) governance. This sketch of governance together with the survey of informational rights and wrongs is followed by short summaries of the individual contributions to the collection, each of which offers a focused discussion on a particular aspect of the governance challenges and opportunities presented by modern information technologies and their applications.
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The purpose of this chapter is twofold: first, to introduce the general topic of the collection—broadly speaking, the governance of an array of dynamic informational interests that characterize modern information societies; and, secondly, to introduce the particular topics addressed by the contributors.
The chapter starts by sketching three key strands in our governance thinking, namely: reliance on traditional legal principles; resort to bespoke (rule-based) regulatory interventions; and the use of technical measures and technologies to achieve specified regulatory objectives. Against this governance backcloth, the landscape of informational interests is surveyed. While some informational interests are articulated as ‘rights’, others are presented as ‘wrongs’, and in some cases we find a cluster of informational rights and wrongs inviting (and reflecting) governance. This sketch of governance together with the survey of informational rights and wrongs is followed by short summaries of the individual contributions to the collection, each of which offers a focused discussion on a particular aspect of the governance challenges and opportunities presented by modern information technologies and their applications.
Overall, the collection invites reflection on two fundamental questions: one question is whether the profile of our information societies matches our expectations and aspirations; and, the other question is whether and how, if the profile falls short, we can rely on good governance to put things right.
The chapter starts by sketching three key strands in our governance thinking, namely: reliance on traditional legal principles; resort to bespoke (rule-based) regulatory interventions; and the use of technical measures and technologies to achieve specified regulatory objectives. Against this governance backcloth, the landscape of informational interests is surveyed. While some informational interests are articulated as ‘rights’, others are presented as ‘wrongs’, and in some cases we find a cluster of informational rights and wrongs inviting (and reflecting) governance. This sketch of governance together with the survey of informational rights and wrongs is followed by short summaries of the individual contributions to the collection, each of which offers a focused discussion on a particular aspect of the governance challenges and opportunities presented by modern information technologies and their applications.
Overall, the collection invites reflection on two fundamental questions: one question is whether the profile of our information societies matches our expectations and aspirations; and, the other question is whether and how, if the profile falls short, we can rely on good governance to put things right.
Maurizio Borghi; Ben White
Data Extractivism and Public Access to Algorithms: Mapping the Battleground of International Digital Trade Book Chapter
In: Law, Regulation and Governance in the Information Society: Informational Rights and Informational Wrongs, pp. 105–125, Routledge, Oxford & New York, 2023, ISBN: 9781032122960.
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title = {Data Extractivism and Public Access to Algorithms: Mapping the Battleground of International Digital Trade},
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Algorithms play an ever-increasing role in today’s information society as filters, gatekeepers, and organizers of information. As such, they represent a key component of the power and influence of big tech companies engaged in ever increasing data extractivism on a global scale. While legal provisions characteristically exclude procedures and mathematical methods from copyright protection (TRIPs Agreement, art. 9.2), political pressure is increasing to ensure legally binding secrecy for algorithms. This pressure has resulted in the inclusion of provisions which impose strict limits on disclosure of a software’s source code and algorithms in a number of free trade agreements signed by the USA and Japan. These provisions, which are on the verge of becoming standard norms in international digital trade, enhance the market power of tech companies in control of algorithms, while at the same time thwarting the quest for increased transparency and accountability of these new informational tools. The chapter examines these emerging norms, discusses their scope and potential effect on the global informational ecosystem, and questions their legitimacy in light of fundamental principles of intellectual property law.
Marco Rondina; Antonio Vetro’; Juan Carlos De Martin
Completeness of Datasets Documentation on ML/AI Repositories: An Empirical Investigation Conference
Progress in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14115, Springer, 2023, ISBN: 978-3-031-49008-8.
@conference{<LineBreak> 11583_2981538b,
title = {Completeness of Datasets Documentation on ML/AI Repositories: An Empirical Investigation},
author = {Marco Rondina and Antonio Vetro' and Juan Carlos De Martin},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-49008-8_7},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-49008-8_7},
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year = {2023},
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booktitle = {Progress in Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {14115},
pages = {79–91},
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abstract = {ML/AI is the field of computer science and computer engineering that arguably received the most attention and funding over the last decade. Data is the key element of ML/AI, so it is becoming increasingly important to ensure that users are fully aware of the quality of the datasets that they use, and of the process generating them, so that possible negative impacts on downstream effects can be tracked, analysed, and, where possible, mitigated. One of the tools that can be useful in this perspective is dataset documentation. The aim of this work is to investigate the state of dataset documentation practices, measuring the completeness of the documentation of several popular datasets in ML/AI repositories. We created a dataset documentation schema-the Documentation Test Sheet (dts)-that identifies the information that should always be attached to a dataset (to ensure proper dataset choice and informed use), according to relevant studies in the literature. We verified 100 popular datasets from four different repositories with the dts to investigate which information were present. Overall, we observed a lack of relevant documentation, especially about the context of data collection and data processing, highlighting a paucity of transparency.},
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ML/AI is the field of computer science and computer engineering that arguably received the most attention and funding over the last decade. Data is the key element of ML/AI, so it is becoming increasingly important to ensure that users are fully aware of the quality of the datasets that they use, and of the process generating them, so that possible negative impacts on downstream effects can be tracked, analysed, and, where possible, mitigated. One of the tools that can be useful in this perspective is dataset documentation. The aim of this work is to investigate the state of dataset documentation practices, measuring the completeness of the documentation of several popular datasets in ML/AI repositories. We created a dataset documentation schema-the Documentation Test Sheet (dts)-that identifies the information that should always be attached to a dataset (to ensure proper dataset choice and informed use), according to relevant studies in the literature. We verified 100 popular datasets from four different repositories with the dts to investigate which information were present. Overall, we observed a lack of relevant documentation, especially about the context of data collection and data processing, highlighting a paucity of transparency.
Mariachiara Mecati; Marco Torchiano; Antonio Vetro; Juan Carlos De Martin
Measuring Imbalance on Intersectional Protected Attributes and on Target Variable to Forecast Unfair Classifications Journal Article
In: IEEE ACCESS, vol. 11, pp. 26996–27011, 2023.
@article{ 11583_2976547b,
title = {Measuring Imbalance on Intersectional Protected Attributes and on Target Variable to Forecast Unfair Classifications},
author = {Mariachiara Mecati and Marco Torchiano and Antonio Vetro and Juan Carlos De Martin},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10058507},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3252370},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {IEEE ACCESS},
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abstract = {Bias in software systems is a serious threat to human rights: when software makes decisions that allocate resources or opportunities, may disparately impact people based on personal traits (e.g., gender, ethnic group, etc.), systematically (dis)advantaging certain social groups. The cause is very often the imbalance of training data, that is, unequal distribution of data between the classes of an attribute. Previous studies showed that lower levels of balance in protected attributes are related to higher levels of unfairness in the output. In this paper we contribute to the current status of knowledge on balance measures as risk indicators of systematic discriminations by studying imbalance on two further aspects: the intersectionality among the classes of protected attributes, and the combination of the target variable with protected attributes. We conduct an empirical study to verify whether: i) it is possible to infer the balance of intersectional attributes from the balance of the primary attributes, ii) measures of balance on intersectional attributes are helpful to detect unfairness in the classification outcome, iii) the computation of balance on the combination of a target variable with protected attributes improves the detection of unfairness. Overall the results reveal positive answers, but not for every combination of balance measure and fairness criterion. For this reason, we recommend selecting the fairness and balance measures that are most suitable to the application context when applying our risk approach to real cases.},
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Bias in software systems is a serious threat to human rights: when software makes decisions that allocate resources or opportunities, may disparately impact people based on personal traits (e.g., gender, ethnic group, etc.), systematically (dis)advantaging certain social groups. The cause is very often the imbalance of training data, that is, unequal distribution of data between the classes of an attribute. Previous studies showed that lower levels of balance in protected attributes are related to higher levels of unfairness in the output. In this paper we contribute to the current status of knowledge on balance measures as risk indicators of systematic discriminations by studying imbalance on two further aspects: the intersectionality among the classes of protected attributes, and the combination of the target variable with protected attributes. We conduct an empirical study to verify whether: i) it is possible to infer the balance of intersectional attributes from the balance of the primary attributes, ii) measures of balance on intersectional attributes are helpful to detect unfairness in the classification outcome, iii) the computation of balance on the combination of a target variable with protected attributes improves the detection of unfairness. Overall the results reveal positive answers, but not for every combination of balance measure and fairness criterion. For this reason, we recommend selecting the fairness and balance measures that are most suitable to the application context when applying our risk approach to real cases.
Juan Carlos De Martin
Senza futuro. Il ruolo dell’Università Book Chapter
In: Rapporto 2023 "La conoscenza nel tempo della complessità. Educazione e formazione nelle democrazia del XXI secolo", pp. 187–198, il Mulino, Bologna, 2023, ISBN: 9788815386885.
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Analisi del ruolo dell’Università nell’attuale contesto storico e in particolare della necessità che l’Università affronti pienamente tre grandi fenomeni post 1945: la Grande Accelerazione, la democrazia e la decolonizzazione.
Juan Carlos De Martin
Le politiche digitali dell’Unione Europea Book Chapter
In: Europa tra presente e futuro, pp. 410–421, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, Roma, 2023, ISBN: 9788812011254.
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abstract = {Analisi delle politiche dell'Unione Europea relative alla tecnologie digitali con focus su quelle attuate dal 2018 in avanti.},
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Analisi delle politiche dell’Unione Europea relative alla tecnologie digitali con focus su quelle attuate dal 2018 in avanti.
2022
Antonio Santangelo
Equità degli algoritmi, vita quotidiana e democrazia Book Chapter
In: La politica dei dati. Il governo delle nuove tecnologie tra diritto, economia e società, pp. 183–202, Mimesis, Milano, 2022, ISBN: 8857590348.
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Antonio Santangelo
Il futuro del volto nell’era dei deep fake Book Chapter
In: Il metavolto, pp. 18–41, Facets Digital Press, Torino, 2022, ISBN: 979-12-210-1063-3.
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antonio santangelo
Volti del nostro tempo. L’opposizione tra self made women e vagabonde Book Chapter
In: I cronotopi del volto, vol. 46, pp. 17–48, Aracne, Roma, 2022, ISBN: 9791221802702.
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title = {Volti del nostro tempo. L'opposizione tra self made women e vagabonde},
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publisher = {Aracne},
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abstract = {This article is on some faces that symbolically represent a particularly meaningful way to make sense of our lives nowadays. Starting from what critics say about the resemblance of the faces of the main characters of the movies La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2 and Jeune Femme to ours, a reflection is carried out on the narrative structure of their stories and on how it differs from other ways of telling stories, like for example the one of Chiara Ferragni, the famous influencer, in her biopic movie Chiara Ferragni – Unposted. Even if the latter is a documentary, it is in fact defined by many other critics as a deceptive fairy tale, while the former movies, which are fictitious, are interpreted as a sort of a precise photograph of the reality we live in. To explain these interpretations, a hypothesis is advanced: that La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2 and Jeune Femme on one side, and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted on the other, derive from two different cultural models, the one of vagabonds and the one of self made women, that are logically opposed and that interact every time we must tell, today, the meaning of our experience of life. To demonstrate it, such cultural models are described, connecting the movies that represent them with other texts, like sociological essays, travel diaries, journalistic inquiries that – even if talking about different characters and situations – seem to tell the same stories.
The research that is presented here is also an occasion to reflect on sociosemiotics and its methods to find out and describe the collective cultural models we recur to, to share a common vision of the world. In particular, it is shown that the narrative structures of La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2, Jeune Femme and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted derive in turn from some “amodal” ways of connecting things and concepts, that are, in a sense, the root of our convictions about how reality is nowadays.},
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This article is on some faces that symbolically represent a particularly meaningful way to make sense of our lives nowadays. Starting from what critics say about the resemblance of the faces of the main characters of the movies La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2 and Jeune Femme to ours, a reflection is carried out on the narrative structure of their stories and on how it differs from other ways of telling stories, like for example the one of Chiara Ferragni, the famous influencer, in her biopic movie Chiara Ferragni – Unposted. Even if the latter is a documentary, it is in fact defined by many other critics as a deceptive fairy tale, while the former movies, which are fictitious, are interpreted as a sort of a precise photograph of the reality we live in. To explain these interpretations, a hypothesis is advanced: that La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2 and Jeune Femme on one side, and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted on the other, derive from two different cultural models, the one of vagabonds and the one of self made women, that are logically opposed and that interact every time we must tell, today, the meaning of our experience of life. To demonstrate it, such cultural models are described, connecting the movies that represent them with other texts, like sociological essays, travel diaries, journalistic inquiries that – even if talking about different characters and situations – seem to tell the same stories.
The research that is presented here is also an occasion to reflect on sociosemiotics and its methods to find out and describe the collective cultural models we recur to, to share a common vision of the world. In particular, it is shown that the narrative structures of La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2, Jeune Femme and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted derive in turn from some “amodal” ways of connecting things and concepts, that are, in a sense, the root of our convictions about how reality is nowadays.
The research that is presented here is also an occasion to reflect on sociosemiotics and its methods to find out and describe the collective cultural models we recur to, to share a common vision of the world. In particular, it is shown that the narrative structures of La vie d’Adéle – Capitres 1 & 2, Jeune Femme and Chiara Ferragni – Unposted derive in turn from some “amodal” ways of connecting things and concepts, that are, in a sense, the root of our convictions about how reality is nowadays.
Maurizio Borghi
Anonymity as a Threat to Academic Freedom Book Chapter
In: Academic Freedom in the European Context. Legal, Philosophical and Institutional Perspectives, pp. 95–116, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2022, ISBN: 978-3-030-86931-1.
@inbook{ 2318_1841364,
title = {Anonymity as a Threat to Academic Freedom},
author = {Maurizio Borghi},
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abstract = {This chapter addresses the threat posed to academic freedom by the use of anonymous judgments in the governance of science. In fact, most of the procedures that affect the day-to-day existence in academia are based on judgments or opinions expressed behind the cloak of anonymity. The latter has developed into a default rule whenever an assessment is required to inform decisions and actions in today’s academic system. Based on a thorough reading of Immanuel Kant the author shows how anonymous judgments violate the very nature and purpose of scientific dialogue and how anonymity operates as an instrument of control from inside the scientific dialogue and academic interchange. Its unquestioned adoption in the governance of science makes possible unprecedented, methodical, and systematic attacks to academic freedom.},
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This chapter addresses the threat posed to academic freedom by the use of anonymous judgments in the governance of science. In fact, most of the procedures that affect the day-to-day existence in academia are based on judgments or opinions expressed behind the cloak of anonymity. The latter has developed into a default rule whenever an assessment is required to inform decisions and actions in today’s academic system. Based on a thorough reading of Immanuel Kant the author shows how anonymous judgments violate the very nature and purpose of scientific dialogue and how anonymity operates as an instrument of control from inside the scientific dialogue and academic interchange. Its unquestioned adoption in the governance of science makes possible unprecedented, methodical, and systematic attacks to academic freedom.
Maurizio Borghi
L’utilizzo delle opere fuori commercio Journal Article
In: AIDA. ANNALI ITALIANI DEL DIRITTO D’AUTORE, DELLA CULTURA E DELLO SPETTACOLO, vol. 31, pp. 2–21, 2022.
@article{<LineBreak> 2318_1892939,
title = {L'utilizzo delle opere fuori commercio},
author = {Maurizio Borghi },
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
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journal = {AIDA. ANNALI ITALIANI DEL DIRITTO D'AUTORE, DELLA CULTURA E DELLO SPETTACOLO},
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abstract = {The article examines the discipline of out-of-commerce works introduced by Directive 790/2019 and now transposed in Italian copyright law. The discipline has been envisioned by the European legislator as having two components, i.e. a system of extended collective licensing (ECL) and a backstop exception where no ECL is available for a given category of works. In its first part, the article discusses the compatibility of both components with international obligations and primary legislation of the Union, with reference to the issues raised by the CJEU in case C-301/15 Soulier and Doke. It argues that, despite the ruling of the Court against the French law, the discipline introduced by the European legislator is likely to pass both the Berne Convention’s three-step test and the scrutiny of Article 17(2) of the EU Charter. The article then moves on to consider the theoretical justifications for the use of out-of-commerce works in copyright law. It first discusses a possible analogy with the doctrine of extinguishment of rights on the ground of non-use in property law and trade mark law, and explains why is such doctrine of limited application in copyright. A more convincing justification is provided by the Kantian argument of a right of the public to a transaction with the author: according to this argument, copyright law can limit the right of the author not to exploit commercially the work when there is a prevailing interest of the public to have access the the work without unnecessary practical impediments. Cultural institutions are the legitimate bastions and interpreters of such an interest. The article concludes with a detailed analysis of the Italian implementation of the out-of-commerce discipline. It identifies a critical issue with the way in which the discipline has been transposed in Italian law, namely the fact that it provides for an ELC system without backstop exception. This represents a clear case of wrong or incomplete transposition, possibly liable to be referred for a preliminary ruling to the interpretation of the CJEU.},
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The article examines the discipline of out-of-commerce works introduced by Directive 790/2019 and now transposed in Italian copyright law. The discipline has been envisioned by the European legislator as having two components, i.e. a system of extended collective licensing (ECL) and a backstop exception where no ECL is available for a given category of works. In its first part, the article discusses the compatibility of both components with international obligations and primary legislation of the Union, with reference to the issues raised by the CJEU in case C-301/15 Soulier and Doke. It argues that, despite the ruling of the Court against the French law, the discipline introduced by the European legislator is likely to pass both the Berne Convention’s three-step test and the scrutiny of Article 17(2) of the EU Charter. The article then moves on to consider the theoretical justifications for the use of out-of-commerce works in copyright law. It first discusses a possible analogy with the doctrine of extinguishment of rights on the ground of non-use in property law and trade mark law, and explains why is such doctrine of limited application in copyright. A more convincing justification is provided by the Kantian argument of a right of the public to a transaction with the author: according to this argument, copyright law can limit the right of the author not to exploit commercially the work when there is a prevailing interest of the public to have access the the work without unnecessary practical impediments. Cultural institutions are the legitimate bastions and interpreters of such an interest. The article concludes with a detailed analysis of the Italian implementation of the out-of-commerce discipline. It identifies a critical issue with the way in which the discipline has been transposed in Italian law, namely the fact that it provides for an ELC system without backstop exception. This represents a clear case of wrong or incomplete transposition, possibly liable to be referred for a preliminary ruling to the interpretation of the CJEU.
Alessandro Cogo; Marco Ricolfi
Chapter 10 – Italy Book Chapter
In: Injunctions in Patent Law: Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on Flexibility and Tailoring, pp. 194–217, Cambridge Univesity Press, Cambridge, 2022, ISBN: 9781108835619.
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Mariachiara Mecati; Antonio Vetro’; Marco Torchiano
Detecting Risk of Biased Output with Balance Measures Journal Article
In: ACM JOURNAL OF DATA AND INFORMATION QUALITY, vol. 14, no. 4, 2022.
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title = {Detecting Risk of Biased Output with Balance Measures},
author = {Mariachiara Mecati and Antonio Vetro' and Marco Torchiano},
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abstract = {Data has become a fundamental element of the management and productive infrastructures of our society, fuelling digitization of organizational and decision-making processes at an impressive speed. This transition shows lights and shadows, and the “bias in-bias out” problem is one of the most relevant issues, which encompasses technical, ethical, and social perspectives. We address this field of research by investigating how the balance of protected attributes in training data can be used to assess the risk of algorithmic unfairness. We identify four balance measures and test their ability to detect the risk of discriminatory classification by applying them to the training set. The results of this proof of concept show that the indexes can properly detect unfairness of software output. However we found the choice of the balance measure has a relevant impact on the threshold to consider as risky; further work is necessary to deepen knowledge on this aspect.},
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Data has become a fundamental element of the management and productive infrastructures of our society, fuelling digitization of organizational and decision-making processes at an impressive speed. This transition shows lights and shadows, and the “bias in-bias out” problem is one of the most relevant issues, which encompasses technical, ethical, and social perspectives. We address this field of research by investigating how the balance of protected attributes in training data can be used to assess the risk of algorithmic unfairness. We identify four balance measures and test their ability to detect the risk of discriminatory classification by applying them to the training set. The results of this proof of concept show that the indexes can properly detect unfairness of software output. However we found the choice of the balance measure has a relevant impact on the threshold to consider as risky; further work is necessary to deepen knowledge on this aspect.
Mariachiara Mecati; Andrea Adrignola; Antonio Vetro; Marco Torchiano
Identifying Imbalance Thresholds in Input Data to Achieve Desired Levels of Algorithmic Fairness Conference
2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), IEEE, 2022.
@conference{ 11583_2974777,
title = {Identifying Imbalance Thresholds in Input Data to Achieve Desired Levels of Algorithmic Fairness},
author = {Mariachiara Mecati and Andrea Adrignola and Antonio Vetro and Marco Torchiano},
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date = {2022-01-01},
booktitle = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)},
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abstract = {Software bias has emerged as a relevant issue in the latest years, in conjunction with the increasing adoption of software automation in a variety of organizational and production processes of our society, and especially in decision-making.
Among the causes of software bias, data imbalance is one of the most significant issues. In this paper, we treat imbalance in datasets as a risk factor for software bias. Specifically, we define a methodology to identify thresholds for balance measures as meaningful risk indicators of unfair classification output. We apply the methodology to a large number of data mutations with different classification tasks and tested all possible combinations of balance-unfairness-algorithm.
The results show that on average the thresholds can accurately identify the risk of unfair output. In certain cases they even tend to overestimate the risk: although such behavior could be instrumental to a prudential approach towards software discrimination, further work will be devoted to better assess the reliability of the thresholds.
The proposed methodology is generic and it can be applied to different datasets, algorithms, and context-specific thresholds.},
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Software bias has emerged as a relevant issue in the latest years, in conjunction with the increasing adoption of software automation in a variety of organizational and production processes of our society, and especially in decision-making.
Among the causes of software bias, data imbalance is one of the most significant issues. In this paper, we treat imbalance in datasets as a risk factor for software bias. Specifically, we define a methodology to identify thresholds for balance measures as meaningful risk indicators of unfair classification output. We apply the methodology to a large number of data mutations with different classification tasks and tested all possible combinations of balance-unfairness-algorithm.
The results show that on average the thresholds can accurately identify the risk of unfair output. In certain cases they even tend to overestimate the risk: although such behavior could be instrumental to a prudential approach towards software discrimination, further work will be devoted to better assess the reliability of the thresholds.
The proposed methodology is generic and it can be applied to different datasets, algorithms, and context-specific thresholds.
Among the causes of software bias, data imbalance is one of the most significant issues. In this paper, we treat imbalance in datasets as a risk factor for software bias. Specifically, we define a methodology to identify thresholds for balance measures as meaningful risk indicators of unfair classification output. We apply the methodology to a large number of data mutations with different classification tasks and tested all possible combinations of balance-unfairness-algorithm.
The results show that on average the thresholds can accurately identify the risk of unfair output. In certain cases they even tend to overestimate the risk: although such behavior could be instrumental to a prudential approach towards software discrimination, further work will be devoted to better assess the reliability of the thresholds.
The proposed methodology is generic and it can be applied to different datasets, algorithms, and context-specific thresholds.
Mariachiara Mecati; Andrea Adrignola; Antonio Vetro; Marco Torchiano
Appendix for “Identifying Imbalance Thresholds in Input Data to Achieve Desired Levels of Algorithmic Fairness” Miscellaneous
2022.
@misc{ 11583_2974778,
title = {Appendix for "Identifying Imbalance Thresholds in Input Data to Achieve Desired Levels of Algorithmic Fairness"},
author = {Mariachiara Mecati and Andrea Adrignola and Antonio Vetro and Marco Torchiano},
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year = {2022},
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abstract = {In this document we provide three appendixes for the journal article “Identifying Imbalance Thresholds in Input Data to Achieve Desired Levels of Algorithmic Fairness”. In Appendix A we show predictors and targets that we took into account for each dataset employed in our study. In Appendix B we describe the configurations of the thresholds that we defined during the procedure of Identification of Risk Thresholds. In Appendix C, for each combination of balance-unfairness-algorithm we report the best thresholds selected by accuracy, the configuration they correspond to (among the 5 options described in Appendix B), and all the evaluation metrics related to those thresholds.},
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In this document we provide three appendixes for the journal article “Identifying Imbalance Thresholds in Input Data to Achieve Desired Levels of Algorithmic Fairness”. In Appendix A we show predictors and targets that we took into account for each dataset employed in our study. In Appendix B we describe the configurations of the thresholds that we defined during the procedure of Identification of Risk Thresholds. In Appendix C, for each combination of balance-unfairness-algorithm we report the best thresholds selected by accuracy, the configuration they correspond to (among the 5 options described in Appendix B), and all the evaluation metrics related to those thresholds.
Juan Carlos De Martin; Guido Saracco
Scienze umane e sociali per l’ingegneria: l’esperienza del Politecnico di Torino dal 2018 a oggi Journal Article
In: ATTI E RASSEGNA TECNICA, vol. LXXVI, no. 1-2-3, pp. 77–81, 2022.
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Dal 2018 il Politecnico di Torino ha avviato una serie di importanti iniziative, declinate su tutte e tre le principali missioni dell’università (didattica, ricerca e la cosiddetta terza missione), per favorire un dialogo più serrato e più ampio tra, da una parte, le discipline ingegneristiche classiche e, dall’altra parte, le scienze umane e sociali. A distanza di quattro anni le principali iniziative – Biennale Tecnologia, il corso “Grandi sfide” e il centro Theseus su tecnologia, umanità e società – sono tutte operative, rendendo il Politecnico un apripista a livello nazionale e avvicinandolo alle migliori esperienze internazionali.
Juan Carlos De Martin; Marco Ricolfi
L’esperienza del Centro Nexa su internet e società Journal Article
In: ATTI E RASSEGNA TECNICA, vol. LXXVI, no. 1-2-3, pp. 88–93, 2022.
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title = {L’esperienza del Centro Nexa su internet e società},
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abstract = {Questo contributo presenta il contesto e gli obiettivi della costituzione nel 2006 – al Politecnico di Torino, ma in stretta collaborazione con l’Univer- sità degli studi di Torino – del Centro Nexa su Internet e società. Verranno presentate sinteticamente le esperienze che portarono alla nascita del centro, di cui verrà descritta la struttura istituzionale. Verranno quindi sintetizzate le principali attività svolte nei primi quindici anni di vita del centro. Il contribu- to si concluderà con un tentativo di bilancio, con uno sguardo alle prospettive future in un contesto fortemente mutato rispetto al 2006.},
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Questo contributo presenta il contesto e gli obiettivi della costituzione nel 2006 – al Politecnico di Torino, ma in stretta collaborazione con l’Univer- sità degli studi di Torino – del Centro Nexa su Internet e società. Verranno presentate sinteticamente le esperienze che portarono alla nascita del centro, di cui verrà descritta la struttura istituzionale. Verranno quindi sintetizzate le principali attività svolte nei primi quindici anni di vita del centro. Il contribu- to si concluderà con un tentativo di bilancio, con uno sguardo alle prospettive future in un contesto fortemente mutato rispetto al 2006.
2021
Marco Conoscenti; Antonio Vetrò; Juan Carlos De Martin
CLoTH: A Lightning Network Simulator Journal Article
In: SoftwareX, vol. 15, 2021.
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title = {CLoTH: A Lightning Network Simulator},
author = {Marco Conoscenti and Antonio Vetrò and Juan Carlos De Martin},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100717},
doi = {10.1016/j.softx.2021.100717},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-04},
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abstract = {Payment-channel networks are one of the most promising solution to the well-known issue of blockchain scalability. In this work we present CLoTH, a simulator of the Lightning Network — the mainstream payment-channel network, used in Bitcoin. CLoTH simulates the execution of payments in a payment-channel network and produces performance measures such as the probability of payment success and the average payment time. To the best of our knowledge, CLoTH is the only simulator that faithfully reproduces the Lightning Network code functions, and this ensures the reliability of simulation results. In this work we provide a detailed description of the new, refactored, publicly-usable version of CLoTH, and we show simulations on the multi-path-payment feature, a recent Lightning Network feature that aims to minimize payment failures.},
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Payment-channel networks are one of the most promising solution to the well-known issue of blockchain scalability. In this work we present CLoTH, a simulator of the Lightning Network — the mainstream payment-channel network, used in Bitcoin. CLoTH simulates the execution of payments in a payment-channel network and produces performance measures such as the probability of payment success and the average payment time. To the best of our knowledge, CLoTH is the only simulator that faithfully reproduces the Lightning Network code functions, and this ensures the reliability of simulation results. In this work we provide a detailed description of the new, refactored, publicly-usable version of CLoTH, and we show simulations on the multi-path-payment feature, a recent Lightning Network feature that aims to minimize payment failures.
Elena Beretta; Antonio Vetrò; Bruno Lepri; Juan Carlos De Martin
Detecting discriminatory risk through data annotation based on bayesian inferences Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency, pp. 794–804, 2021.
@inproceedings{beretta2021detecting,
title = {Detecting discriminatory risk through data annotation based on bayesian inferences},
author = {Elena Beretta and Antonio Vetrò and Bruno Lepri and Juan Carlos De Martin},
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Guido Ferraro; Antonio Santangelo; Anita Botta
The Meaning of a Viewing Suggestion Journal Article
In: DigitCult – Scientific Journal on Digital Cultures, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37–50, 2021, ISSN: 2531-5994.
@article{DC,
title = {The Meaning of a Viewing Suggestion},
author = {Guido Ferraro and Antonio Santangelo and Anita Botta},
url = {https://digitcult.lim.di.unimi.it/index.php/dc/article/view/191},
doi = {10.53136/97912599449004},
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abstract = {This paper, which takes its cue from the question at the heart of an article previously written by two of us, reflects on the effectiveness of the algorithmic apparatus used by Netflix: the aim of the work was to understand whether the supply system of the well-known company manages to respond adequately to the interests of its viewers, suggesting meaningful links between the audiovisual texts offered. Reasoning on the way the service labels films, a process defined tagging by the company, we therefore considered a science fiction film in the Italian Netflix catalog, a film considered interesting by the writer for its complexity of meaning. The goal of this choice was to build an analysis sheet with a sociosemiotic approach, which was then used to reflect on the adequacy of the links proposed by Netflix, suggesting, as an alternative to the interpretation provided by the company, new tags that could correctly understand the similarities of meaning between the stories. It was therefore tried to draw, in the end, some guidelines that Netflix taggers could adopt, in order to improve and make more meaningful the experience of fruition of its users.},
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This paper, which takes its cue from the question at the heart of an article previously written by two of us, reflects on the effectiveness of the algorithmic apparatus used by Netflix: the aim of the work was to understand whether the supply system of the well-known company manages to respond adequately to the interests of its viewers, suggesting meaningful links between the audiovisual texts offered. Reasoning on the way the service labels films, a process defined tagging by the company, we therefore considered a science fiction film in the Italian Netflix catalog, a film considered interesting by the writer for its complexity of meaning. The goal of this choice was to build an analysis sheet with a sociosemiotic approach, which was then used to reflect on the adequacy of the links proposed by Netflix, suggesting, as an alternative to the interpretation provided by the company, new tags that could correctly understand the similarities of meaning between the stories. It was therefore tried to draw, in the end, some guidelines that Netflix taggers could adopt, in order to improve and make more meaningful the experience of fruition of its users.
Alessandro Simonetta; A Vetrò; MC Paoletti; M Torchiano
Integrating SQuaRE data quality model with ISO 31000 risk management to measure and mitigate software bias Proceedings Article
In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings, pp. 17–22, 2021.
@inproceedings{simonetta2021integrating,
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Antonio Santangelo
Culturally Significant Symbolic Faces: for a Sociosemiotics of Faces in Films Journal Article
In: SIGN SYSTEMS STUDIES, vol. 49 (3/4), no. 3-4, pp. 418–436, 2021.
@article{ 2318_1841799,
title = {Culturally Significant Symbolic Faces: for a Sociosemiotics of Faces in Films},
author = {Antonio Santangelo},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {SIGN SYSTEMS STUDIES},
volume = {49 (3/4)},
number = {3-4},
pages = {418–436},
abstract = {Every now and then, watching a movie, we come across faces in which we recognize a significant value, because they represent some important cultural models we use to assign a meaning to our experience of the world. By way of example, I will work on the faces of the protagonists of two recent films, La vie d’Adèle. Chapitres 1 & 2 (Kechiche 2013) and Jeune femme (Sérraille 2017), comparing them with the faces of the protagonists of some older movies, such as Shrek (Adamson and Jenson 2001) and Avatar (Cameron 2009). I will argue that the way those faces are portrayed is similar to the narrative structure of the stories of the characters they belong to and that the sings and narrative structures used to construct the discourses about the world in those films are at the same time similar to the ones of two important cultural models about what it means to be young men and women in our times. Moreover, as these cultural models are different but interconnected, I will argue that the most meaningful faces at the cinema change, due to the transformation of the cultural models they derive from and that a sociosemiotic method based on a structuralist vision of culture can help to identify which are the most culturally significant symbolic faces on the big screen, and not only there.},
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Every now and then, watching a movie, we come across faces in which we recognize a significant value, because they represent some important cultural models we use to assign a meaning to our experience of the world. By way of example, I will work on the faces of the protagonists of two recent films, La vie d’Adèle. Chapitres 1 & 2 (Kechiche 2013) and Jeune femme (Sérraille 2017), comparing them with the faces of the protagonists of some older movies, such as Shrek (Adamson and Jenson 2001) and Avatar (Cameron 2009). I will argue that the way those faces are portrayed is similar to the narrative structure of the stories of the characters they belong to and that the sings and narrative structures used to construct the discourses about the world in those films are at the same time similar to the ones of two important cultural models about what it means to be young men and women in our times. Moreover, as these cultural models are different but interconnected, I will argue that the most meaningful faces at the cinema change, due to the transformation of the cultural models they derive from and that a sociosemiotic method based on a structuralist vision of culture can help to identify which are the most culturally significant symbolic faces on the big screen, and not only there.
Guido Ferraro; Antonio Santangelo; Anita Botta
Il significato di un suggerimento di visione. Riflessioni semiotiche sul sistema di raccomandazione di Netflix Journal Article
In: @ DIGITCULT, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37–50, 2021.
@article{ 2318_1810961,
title = {Il significato di un suggerimento di visione. Riflessioni semiotiche sul sistema di raccomandazione di Netflix},
author = {Guido Ferraro and Antonio Santangelo and Anita Botta},
url = {https://digitcult.lim.di.unimi.it/index.php/dc/article/view/191},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {@ DIGITCULT},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {37–50},
abstract = {This paper, which takes its cue from the question at the heart of an article previously written by two of us, reflects on the effectiveness of the algorithmic apparatus used by Netflix: the aim of the work was to understand whether the supply system of the well-known company manages to respond adequately to the interests of its viewers, suggesting meaningful links between the audiovisual texts offered. Reasoning on the way the service labels films, a process defined tagging by the company, we therefore considered a science fiction film in the Italian Netflix catalog, a film considered interesting by the writer for its complexity of meaning. The goal of this choice was to build an analysis sheet with a sociosemiotic approach, which was then used to reflect on the adequacy of the links proposed by Netflix, suggesting, as an alternative to the interpretation provided by the company, new tags that could correctly understand the similarities of meaning between the stories. It was therefore tried to draw, in the end, some guidelines that Netflix taggers could adopt, in order to improve and make more meaningful the experience of fruition of its users.},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper, which takes its cue from the question at the heart of an article previously written by two of us, reflects on the effectiveness of the algorithmic apparatus used by Netflix: the aim of the work was to understand whether the supply system of the well-known company manages to respond adequately to the interests of its viewers, suggesting meaningful links between the audiovisual texts offered. Reasoning on the way the service labels films, a process defined tagging by the company, we therefore considered a science fiction film in the Italian Netflix catalog, a film considered interesting by the writer for its complexity of meaning. The goal of this choice was to build an analysis sheet with a sociosemiotic approach, which was then used to reflect on the adequacy of the links proposed by Netflix, suggesting, as an alternative to the interpretation provided by the company, new tags that could correctly understand the similarities of meaning between the stories. It was therefore tried to draw, in the end, some guidelines that Netflix taggers could adopt, in order to improve and make more meaningful the experience of fruition of its users.
Antonio Santangelo
Equità degli algoritmi e democrazia Journal Article
In: @ DIGITCULT, vol. 2/2020, pp. 21–30, 2021.
@article{<LineBreak> 2318_1788795,
title = {Equità degli algoritmi e democrazia},
author = {Antonio Santangelo},
url = {https://nexa.polito.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/172-1-908-3-10-20210503.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {@ DIGITCULT},
volume = {2/2020},
pages = {21–30},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Elsa Soro; Silvia Barbotto; Remo Gramigna; Antonio Dante Santangelo; Cristina Voto; Massimo Leone
AI for Facial Autobiographical Memory Recovering and Transmission: A Study for a Mobile and Web Application Journal Article
In: COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT, vol. 10, pp. 1–10, 2021.
@article{ 2318_1789246,
title = {AI for Facial Autobiographical Memory Recovering and Transmission: A Study for a Mobile and Web Application},
author = {Elsa Soro and Silvia Barbotto and Remo Gramigna and Antonio Dante Santangelo and Cristina Voto and Massimo Leone},
url = {https://journals.openedition.org/ctd/6113},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT},
volume = {10},
pages = {1–10},
abstract = {Drawing on research conducted within the ERC Consolidator Project FACETS, this presentation aims at describing the state of art of solutions currently offered by AI for coping with loss of memory and identity in the pandemic scenario and at discussing advantages and disadvantages of these digital tools.
On the one side, the presentation will focus on how the interpersonal physical distance imposed because of the risk of contagion might be dealt with by applications based on Artificial Intelligence purposed to mitigate the loss of memory in elderly people by building new bridges between them and the generation of digital natives. On the other side, the paper will concentrate on obstacles that hamper the adoption of Artificial Intelligence across the generations. Lack in digital literacy as well as inappropriate interaction design as obstacles to effective cooperation between humans and artificial intelligence will be particularly stressed.
Finally, the presentation aims at presenting a concept study for a mobile and web application for autobiographical memory recovering, digitalization, preservation, recreation and transmission. The app is intended to bear on the visage as a memory and identity catalyst so as to enhance the neurophysiological functions of users, training their memory, and improving their ability to communicate.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Drawing on research conducted within the ERC Consolidator Project FACETS, this presentation aims at describing the state of art of solutions currently offered by AI for coping with loss of memory and identity in the pandemic scenario and at discussing advantages and disadvantages of these digital tools.
On the one side, the presentation will focus on how the interpersonal physical distance imposed because of the risk of contagion might be dealt with by applications based on Artificial Intelligence purposed to mitigate the loss of memory in elderly people by building new bridges between them and the generation of digital natives. On the other side, the paper will concentrate on obstacles that hamper the adoption of Artificial Intelligence across the generations. Lack in digital literacy as well as inappropriate interaction design as obstacles to effective cooperation between humans and artificial intelligence will be particularly stressed.
Finally, the presentation aims at presenting a concept study for a mobile and web application for autobiographical memory recovering, digitalization, preservation, recreation and transmission. The app is intended to bear on the visage as a memory and identity catalyst so as to enhance the neurophysiological functions of users, training their memory, and improving their ability to communicate.
On the one side, the presentation will focus on how the interpersonal physical distance imposed because of the risk of contagion might be dealt with by applications based on Artificial Intelligence purposed to mitigate the loss of memory in elderly people by building new bridges between them and the generation of digital natives. On the other side, the paper will concentrate on obstacles that hamper the adoption of Artificial Intelligence across the generations. Lack in digital literacy as well as inappropriate interaction design as obstacles to effective cooperation between humans and artificial intelligence will be particularly stressed.
Finally, the presentation aims at presenting a concept study for a mobile and web application for autobiographical memory recovering, digitalization, preservation, recreation and transmission. The app is intended to bear on the visage as a memory and identity catalyst so as to enhance the neurophysiological functions of users, training their memory, and improving their ability to communicate.